Below is a collection of children’s nursery rhymes and songs. The original Hindi is provided along with an English translation. You can find a “play” button underneath the image for each selection to hear a recording of it being recited. Each entry also has a vocabulary list and some contextual/grammar notes to help you decipher its meaning. Enjoy!

рдЕрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝ рдмрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝
рдЕрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝ рдмрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝ рдмрдореНрдмреЗ рдмреЛ
рдЕрд╕реНрд╕реА рдирдмреНрдмреЗ рдкреВрд░реЗ рд╕реМ
рд╕реМ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛
рдЪреЛрд░ рдирд┐рдХрд▓ рдХреЗ рднрд╛рдЧрд╛
Akkad, Bakkad Bombay bo
Eighty, ninety, a full one hundred
A thread is attached to the hundred
A thief left and ran
рдЕрд╕реНрд╕реА | (adj.) eighty |
рдирдмреНрдмреЗ | (adj.) ninety |
рдкреБрд░рд╛ | (adj.) full, complete |
рд╕реМ | (adj.) one hundred |
рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛ | (noun, m.) a thread |
рдЪреЛрд░ | (noun, m.) a thief |
рдирд┐рдХрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to come out of something; рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ = to remove, take out |
рднрд╛рдЧрдирд╛ | (verb) to run |
This nursery rhyme makes frequent use of the subjunctive, a verbal form that This poem is the story of two friends, Akkad and Bakkad, who want to go to Mumbai (Bombay). In order to go, they collect their money together totaling тВ╣100. They tie it together with a thread, but a thief undoes it and runs off with the money. Like many nursery rhymes (e.g., eenie meenie miney mo), the first line is somewhat nonsensical and serves to set up the rhyming scheme. This rhyme has many versions, one of the versions is given below. This one is sung by kids to pick a player to start a game.
рдЕрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝ рдмрдХреНрдХрдбрд╝ рдмрдореНрдмреЗ рдмреЛ
рдЕрд╕реНрд╕реА рдирдмреНрдмреЗ рдкреВрд░реЗ рд╕реМ
рд╕реМ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛
рдЪреЛрд░ рдирд┐рдХрд▓ рдХреЗ рднрд╛рдЧрд╛
рд░рд╛рдиреА рдЖрдИ рдмреЛрд▓реА рдмрд┐рд╕реНрдХрд┐рдЯ рдЦрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ ?
рдЪреЛрд░ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛, рд╡реЕрд░реА рд╡реЕрд░реА рдЧреБрдбрд╝

рдордЫрд▓реА рдЬрд▓ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдиреА рд╣реИ
рдордЫрд▓реА рдЬрд▓ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдиреА рд╣реИ
рдЬреАрд╡рди рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рд╣реИ
рд╣рд╛рде рд▓рдЧрд╛рдУ рддреЛ рдбрд░ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреА
рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓реЛ рддреЛ рдорд░ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреА
рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдбрд╛рд▓реЛ рддреЛ рддреИрд░ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреА
A fish is the queen of the water.
Water is her life.
If you touch her, she will become afraid.
If you take her out, she will die.
If you put her in the water, she will swim.
рдордЫрд▓реА | (noun, f.) fish |
рдЬрд▓, рдкрд╛рдиреА | (noun, m.) water |
рд░рд╛рдиреА | (noun, f.) queen |
рдЬреАрд╡рди | (noun, m.) life |
рд╣рд╛рде | (noun, m.) hand |
рд▓рдЧрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to apply, attach; рд╣рд╛рде рд▓рдЧрд╛рдирд╛ - to touch |
рдбрд░ | (verb) to become afraid; compound verb with рдбрд░рдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ | (adverb) outside |
рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to take out, to remove |
рдорд░ | (verb) to die; compound verb with рдорд░рдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдбрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to add to, to place in |
рддреИрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to go swimming; compound verb with рддреИрд░рдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
This nursery rhyme makes frequent use of the subjunctive, a verbal form that communicates sentiments like should, would, might, etc. Sentences using the subjunctive mood often take the form of тАЬif…thenтАжтАЭ statements. тАЬIf you touch the fish, it will become afraid.тАЭ In Hindi, the first clause (the тАЬifтАЭ part) of these types of statements will contain the subjunctive verb and may or may not contain a word equivalent to the English тАЬifтАЭ (Hindi: рдЕрдЧрд░, рдпрджрд┐, etc.).
The second clause (the тАЬthenтАЭ part) will almost always contain the word рддреЛ (then).
The subjunctive is formed in Hindi by removing the рдЧрд╛ / рдЧреЗ / рдЧреА endings from the future form of the verb. Examples from this reading all have the implied subject of рддреБрдо (you).
Future form Subjunctive Form
(рддреБрдо) рд▓рдЧрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ тЖТ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдУ
(рддреБрдо) рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓реЛрдЧреЗ тЖТ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓реЛ
(рддреБрдо) рдбрд╛рд▓реЛрдЧреЗ тЖТ рдбрд╛рд▓реЛрдЧреЗ
This nursery rhyme has many examples of compound verbs with рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ (to go). Various forms of рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ are added to verb roots to convey a sense that there is some change in a state of action. For example, рдбрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ has the underlying sense of рдбрд░рдирд╛ (to be afraid), but communicates that the fish has become afraid (i.e., that it was at one point not afraid, but now is afraid).

рдЖрдУ рдорд┐рд▓реЛ рд╢реАрд▓реЛ рд╢рд╛рд▓реЛ
рдЖрдУ рдорд┐рд▓реЛ рд╢реАрд▓реЛ рд╢рд╛рд▓реЛ
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛ рд░реЗрд╕ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд▓реЛ
рджрд╕ рдкрддреНрддреЗ рддреЛрдбрд╝реЗ
рдПрдХ рдкрддреНрддрд╛ рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛
рд╣рд┐рд░рдг рдХрд╛ рдмрдЪреНрдЪрд╛
рд╣рд┐рд░рдг рдЧрдпрд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ
рдкрдХрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдирд╛рдиреА рдиреЗ
рдирд╛рдиреА рдЧрдпреА рд▓рдВрдбрди
рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХрдВрдЧрди
рдХрдВрдЧрди рдЧрдпрд╛ рдЯреВрдЯ
рдирд╛рдиреА рдЧрдпреА рд░реВрда
рдирд╛рдиреА рдХреЛ рдордирд╛рдПрдБрдЧреЗ
рд░рд╕ рдорд▓рд╛рдИ рдЦрд╛рдПрдБрдЧреЗ
рд░рд╕ рдорд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА
рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЦрд╛рдИ рдордЪреНрдЫреА, рдордЪреНрдЫреА рдореЗрдВ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рдБрдЯрд╛
рддреЗрд░рд╛ рдореЗрд░рд╛ рдЪрд╛рдБрдЯрд╛, рдЪрд╛рдБрдЯрд╛ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдЬрд╝реЛрд░ рд╕реЗ
рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЦрд╛рдП рд╕рдореЛрд╕реЗ, рд╕рдореЛрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╝реЗ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ
рдирд╛рдиреАрдЬреА рдирдорд╕реНрддреЗ
Come and meet sheelo-shaalo
Thin threads, letтАЩs race
[We] tore off ten leaves
One leaf was unripe
The deerтАЩs baby
The deer went into the water
ItтАЩs (maternal) grandma caught it
Grandma went to London
From there she brought a bangle
The bangle broke
Grandma sulked
WeтАЩll console Grandma
WeтАЩll eat ras malai
Ras malai is yummy
We ate some fish, in the fish was a bone
A slap for you and me, the slap landed hard
We ate some samosas, the samosas were really good
Namaste, (maternal) Grandma
рд╢реАрд▓реЛ-рд╢рд╛рд▓реЛ | nonsense words |
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ | (adj.) raw, weak, thin, new, unripe |
рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛ | (noun, m.) a thread |
рдкрддреНрддрд╛ | (noun, m.) a leaf, a page; something shaped like a leaf |
рддреЛрдбрд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to break |
рд╣рд┐рд░рдг | (noun, m.) a deer; also written рд╣рд┐рд░рди (note: рд╣рд┐рд░рдг also means тАЬgoldтАЭ) |
рдкрдХрдбрд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to catch |
рдХрдВрдЧрди | (noun, m.) a bangle, a bracelet |
рдЯреВрдЯ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to break; compound verb of рдЯреВрдЯрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рд░реВрда рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to sulk; compound verb of рд░реВрдардирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдордирд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to celebrate, to console; X рдХреЛ рдордирд╛рдирд╛ = to console X |
рд░рд╕ рдорд▓рд╛рдИ | (noun, f.) a sweet curd dish soaked in cream |
рдордЪреНрдЫреА | (noun, f.) a fish = рдордЫрд▓реА |
рдХрд╛рдБрдЯрд╛ | (noun, m.) a thorn, a fishтАЩs bone |
рдЪрд╛рдБрдЯрд╛ | (noun, m.) a slap |
рдЬрд╝реЛрд░ рд╕реЗ | (adv.) loudly, intensely; here: hard |
рдмрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ | (adj.) really good; рдмрдбрд╝рд╛ typically means тАЬbigтАЭ |
Poetry allows one to break many conventions of grammar and word order or typical spoken language. There are several examples of jumbled up word order in Aao Milo Sheelo Shaalo. Take, for instance, the lines тАЬрдХрдВрдЧрди рдЧрдпрд╛ рдЯреВрдЯтАЭ and тАЬрдирд╛рдиреА рдЧрдпреА рд░реВрда.тАЭ Both of these lines contain compound verbs with рдЬрд╛рдирд╛: рдЯреВрдЯ рдЧрдпрд╛ (broke) and рд░реВрда рдЧрдпреА (sulked). Depending on the intent of the speaker, it might be a little unusual to say рдЧрдпрд╛ рдЯреВрдЯ in place of рдЯреВрдЯ рдЧрдпрд╛ or рдЧрдпреА рд░реВрда in place of рд░реВрда рдЧрдпреА in spoken Hindi. Yet, thatтАЩs exactly what we get in this poem. Poetry and the emphasis it has on meter and rhyme allows for an increased flexibility in how the words appear. The compound verbs are jumbled in order to fit this rhyme scheme (or near rhyme; рдЯреВрдЯ isnтАЩt a perfect fit with рд░реВрда due to the difference in aspiration, but close enough!).

рдкреЛрд╖рдо рдкрд╛
рдкреЛрд╖рдо рдкрд╛ рднрдИ рдкреЛрд╖рдо рдкрд╛
рдбрд╛рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдиреЗ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛
рд╕реМ рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдХреА рдШрдбрд╝реА рдЪреБрд░рд╛рдИ
рдЖрда рдЖрдиреЗ рдХреА рд░рдмрдбрд╝реА рдЦрд╛рдИ
рдЕрдм рддреЛ рдЬреЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛
рдЬреЗрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛
рдЬреЗрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдкреАрдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛
рдЕрдм рддреЛ рдЬреЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛
рдкрдХрдбрд╝реЗ рдЧрдП, рдкрдХрдбрд╝реЗ рдЧрдП, рдкрдХрдбрд╝реЗ рдЧрдП !
Posham pa, friend, posham pa
What did the postman do?
He stole a 100-rupee watch
He ate eight cents worth of rabri
Now heтАЩll have to go to jail
HeтАЩll have to eat jail food
HeтАЩll have to drink jail water
Now heтАЩll have to go to jail
(He) got caught, (he) got caught, (he) got caught!
рдкреЛрд╖рдо рдкрд╛ | nonsense words |
рдбрд╛рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ | (noun, m.) a postman |
рдШрдбрд╝реА | (noun, f.) a watch |
рдЪреБрд░рд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to steal |
рдЖрдирд╛ | (noun, m.) an anna; an old measure of currency equal to 1/16 of a rupee |
рд░рдмрдбрд╝реА | (noun, f.) a thick, sweetened milk |
рдкрдХрдбрд╝реЗ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to get caught; passive form of рдкрдХрдбрд╝рдирд╛ |
There are particular ways of conveying in Hindi that somebody should do something, has to do something, or must do something. Generally speaking, they are рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рд╣реЛрдирд╛, and рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ respectively. рд╣реЛрдирд╛ and рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ can be used in all tenses. For рд╣реЛрдирд╛, examples are рд╣реБрдЖ, рд╣реИ, рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, and рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛. Examples for рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ include рдкрдбрд╝рд╛, рдкрдбрд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, and рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛. While рд╣реЛрдирд╛ and рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ can both mean тАЬhave toтАЭ do something, рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ usually conveys a slightly stronger compulsion than рд╣реЛрдирд╛. For рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, you can change tense by adding the appropriate form of рд╣реЛрдирд╛ (e.g., рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдерд╛, рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛; present tense only requires рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП). Note that with noun X, рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП takes the meaning of тАЬwants XтАЭ while, with verb X, рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП takes the meaning of тАЬshould do X.тАЭ All of these words require that you add рдХреЛ to the person that is subject to the compulsion. A few examples:
рдореБрдЭреЗ рдХрдо рдЪрд╛рдп рдкреАрдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП ред
I should drink less chai.
рдирд╡реАрди рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЬрд╝ рдкрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдереА ред
Naveen should have studied daily.
рд░рд╛рдЬреЗрд╢ рдХреЛ рдХрд▓ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ ред
Rajesh will have to go to school tomorrow.
рдирдореНрд░рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдХрд╕рд░ рд╕реБрдмрд╣ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡рдЬреЗ рдЙрдардирд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ ред
Namrata usually has to wake up at seven oтАЩclock in the morning.
рдХреНрдпрд╛ рддреБрдордХреЛ рдкрд┐рдЫрд▓реЗ рд╣рдлрд╝реНрддреЗ рдПрдХ рдирдпреА рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдм рдЦрд╝рд░реАрджрдиреА рдкрдбрд╝реА ?
Did you have to buy a new book last week?
рдореБрдЭреЗ рдЕрдЧрд▓реЗ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреЙрд▓рдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдбрдорд┐рд╢рди рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛ ред
I will have to take admission into college next year.

рдЖрдЬ рдордВрдЧрд▓рд╡рд╛рд░
рдЖрдЬ рдордВрдЧрд▓рд╡рд╛рд░ рд╣реИ
рдЪреВрд╣реЗ рдХреЛ рдмреБрдЦрд╛рд░ рд╣реИ
рдЪреБрд╣рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕
рдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░ рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдИ рд╕реБрдИ
рдЪреВрд╣рд╛ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛ тАШрдКрдЗрдЗрдЗрдИтАЩ
Today is Tuesday
The mouse has a fever
The mouse went to the doctor
The doctor gave an injection
The mouse said тАШooooowiiiieeeтАЩ
рдЖрдЬ | (adverb) today |
рдордВрдЧрд▓рд╡рд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) Tuesday |
рдЪреВрд╣рд╛ | (noun, m.) mouse, rat |
рдмреБрдЦрд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) fever |
рд▓рдЧрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to attach, to put |
рд╕реБрдИ | (noun, f.) needle, syringe, injection |
рд╕реБрдИ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to give an injection |
рдмреЛрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to speak, to say |
рдмреЛрд▓рдирд╛ (to speak) is a transitive verb meaning тАЬto speakтАЭ or тАЬto sayтАЭ. As a transitive verb, you might expect that you would need to use the particle рдиреЗ when using it in the simple past tense like you would with рдХрд░рдирд╛ (to do) or рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ (to eat), etc. рдмреЛрд▓рдирд╛ is rather unique in that it can go either way. In the poem, we find рдЪреВрд╣рд╛ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛ тАШрдКрдЗрдЗрдЗрдИтАЩ, but it would also have been possible to say рдЪреВрд╣реЗ рдиреЗ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛ тАШрдКрдЗрдЗрдЗрдИтАЩ. Keep in mind that the subject and verb have to match in gender if you do not use рдиреЗ. If our speaker in this poem were a cat (рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА, a feminine noun), for instance, youтАЩd have to say рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдмреЛрд▓реА тАШрдКрдЗрдЗрдЗрдИтАЩ.

рдКрдкрд░ рдкрдВрдЦрд╛ рдЪрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рдКрдкрд░ рдкрдВрдЦрд╛ рдЪрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рдиреАрдЪреЗ рдмреЗрдмреА рд╕реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рд╕реЛрддреЗ-рд╕реЛрддреЗ рднреВрдЦ рд▓рдЧреА
рдЦрд╛ рд▓реЗ рдмреЗрдЯрд╛ рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд╝рд▓реА
рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд╝рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рджрд╛рдирд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ
рд╣рдо рддреБрдореНрд╣рд╛рд░реЗ рдорд╛рдорд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ
рдорд╛рдорд╛ рдЧрдП рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА
рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдиреЗ рдорд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрдВрдЬрд╛
рдорд╛рдорд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдЧрдВрдЬрд╛
A fan runs up above
A baby sleeps down below
He gets hungry as he sleeps
Eat a peanut, Child
There is no nut in the peanut
I am not your uncle
Uncle went to Delhi
And brought a cat from there
The cat clawed
And uncle went bald
рдКрдкрд░ | (adverb) above, up | |
рдкрдВрдЦрд╛ | (noun, m.) fan | |
рдЪрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to move, to function | |
рдиреАрдЪреЗ | (adverb) below, down | |
рд╕реЛрдирд╛ | (verb) to sleep | |
рднреВрдЦ | (noun, f.) hunger | |
рднреВрдЦ рд▓рдЧрдирд╛ | (verb) to be hungry | |
рдЦрд╛ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ | (verb) to eat; compound verb of рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ and рд▓реЗрдирд╛ | |
рдмреЗрдЯрд╛ | (noun, m.) son, child; can be used to affectionately address girl children | |
рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд╝рд▓реА | (noun, f.) peanut | with or without the shell); here: the shelled peanut |
рджрд╛рдирд╛ | (noun, m.) grain, speck; here: the nut inside the peanut shell | |
рдорд╛рдорд╛ | (noun, m.) maternal uncle | |
рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА | (noun, f.) Delhi | |
рд▓рд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to bring; a fixed compound verb of рд▓реЗрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | |
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА | (noun, f.) cat | |
рдкрдВрдЬрд╛ | (noun, m.) paw, claw | |
рдкрдВрдЬрд╛ рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ | (verb) to claw at | |
рдЧрдВрдЬрд╛ | (adjective) bald |
This verse has a grammatical form consisting of a verbal participle repeated twice in a row (рд╕реЛрддреЗ-рд╕реЛрддреЗ). Repeating a participle this way gives a sense of тАЬin the middle of doing x.тАЭ The meaning of this repeated form is close to the participle meaning, but is often used when something occursтАФoften abruptlyтАФwhile some other action is already underway. In the example here, the child became hungry (рднреВрдЦ рд▓рдЧреА) while sleeping (рд╕реЛрддреЗ-рд╕реЛрддреЗ).
рд╕реЛрддреЗ / рд╕реЛрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП тЖТ рд╕реЛрддреЗ-рд╕реЛрддреЗ
While sleeping in the middle of sleeping
рдЦрд╛рддреЗ / рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП тЖТ рдЦрд╛рддреЗ-рдЦрд╛рддреЗ
While eating in the middle of eating
рджреМрдбрд╝рддреЗ / рджреМрдбрд╝рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП тЖТ рджреМрдбрд╝рддреЗ-рджреМрдбрд╝рддреЗ
While running in the middle of running

рджреЛ рдЪреВрд╣реЗ
рджреЛ рдЪреВрд╣реЗ рдереЗ,
рдореЛрдЯреЗ-рдореЛрдЯреЗ рдереЗ
рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ-рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдереЗ
рдирд╛рдЪ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ,
рдХреВрдж рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдЦреЗрд▓ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛, тАШрдордпрд╛рдК, рдордпрд╛рдК, рдордпрд╛рдКтАЩ
рди рдореМрд╕реА рди
рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рд░ рдбрд╛рд▓реЛрдЧреА
рдлрд┐рд░ рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреА
рд╣рдо рддреЛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЖрдПрдБрдЧреЗ
рд╣рдо рддреЛ рднрд╛рдЧ рдЬрд╛рдПрдБрдЧреЗ
There were two mice,
They were really fat
They were itty-bitty
They were dancing,
They were jumping
They were playing
The cat said, тАЬmeow, meow, meowтАЭ
No, aunty, no
You will kill us
Then youтАЩll eat us
We wonтАЩt come
We will run away
рдЪреВрд╣рд╛ | (noun, m.) mouse, rat |
рдореЛрдЯрд╛ | (adjective) fat |
рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛ | (adjective) small |
рдирд╛рдЪрдирд╛ | (verb) to dance |
рдХреВрджрдирд╛ | (verb) to jump |
рдЦреЗрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to play |
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА | (noun, f.) cat |
рдХрд╣рдирд╛ | (verb) to say |
рдореМрд╕реА | (noun, f.) maternal aunt; here refers to рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА |
рдорд╛рд░ рдбрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to kill; compound verb of рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ and рдбрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ |
рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to eat, to devour (especially with compound form) |
рднрд╛рдЧ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to run away, to escape |
On two occasions, this verse makes use of repeated adjectives (рдореЛрдЯреЗ-рдореЛрдЯреЗ and рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ-рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ). Repeating adjectives in this way lays extra stress on the meaning of those adjectives. For example, рдореЛрдЯрд╛ means fat but рдореЛрдЯрд╛-рдореЛрдЯрд╛ means really fat. Likewise, рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛ means small but рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛-рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛ means tiny.
When you add the verb рдбрд╛рд▓рдирд╛ to a verb stem, it stresses the underlying verb. The underlying verb from the example in this reading is рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ (to kill). While it would still make grammatical sense to say рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рд░реЛрдЧреА instead of рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рд░ рдбрд╛рд▓реЛрдЧреА, the latter more effectively communicates the severity of the verb тАЬto kill.тАЭ

рд▓рдХрдбрд╝реА рдХреА рдХрд╛рдареА
рд▓рдХрдбрд╝реА рдХреА рдХрд╛рдареА
рдХрд╛рдареА рдкреЗ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛
рдШреЛрдбрд╝реЗ рдХреА рджреБрдо рдкреЗ рдЬреЛ рдорд╛рд░рд╛ рд╣рдереМрдбрд╝рд╛
рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреБрдо рдЙрдард╛ рдХреЗ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛
рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрд╛ рдЪреМрдХ рдореЗрдВ
рдЪреМрдХ рдореЗрдВ рдерд╛ рдирд╛рдИ
рдШреЛрдбрд╝реЗ рдЬреА рдХреА рдирд╛рдИ рдиреЗ рд╣рдЬрд╛рдордд рдЬреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдИ
рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ, рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ
рдШреЛрдбрд╝реЗ рдЬреА рдХреА рдирд╛рдИ рдиреЗ рд╣рдЬрд╛рдордд рдЬреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдИ
рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреБрдо рдЙрдард╛ рдХреЗ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛
рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдерд╛ рдШрдордВрдбреА, рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрд╛ рд╕рдмреНрдЬреА рдордВрдбреА
рд╕рдмреНрдЬреА рдордВрдбреА рдмрд░рдлрд╝ рдкрдбрд╝реА рдереА
рдмрд░рдлрд╝ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧ рдЧрдИ рдардВрдбреА
рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ, рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ
рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреБрдо рдЙрдард╛ рдХреЗ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛
рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рддрдЧрдбрд╝рд╛ рд╣реИ
рджреЗрдЦреЛ, рдХрд┐рддрдиреА рдЪрд░рдмреА рд╣реИ
рдЪрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдорд╣рд░реМрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ
рдкрд░ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЕрд░рдмреА рд╣реИ
рдмрд╛рдБрд╣ рдЫреБрдбрд╝рд╛ рдХреЗ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛
рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рджреБрдо рдЙрдард╛ рдХреЗ рджреМрдбрд╝рд╛
Wooden saddle
Horse on the saddle
As a hammer hit the horse on its tail
The horse ran and ran and ran; lifted its tail and ran
The horse arrived at the city square
A barber was at the city square
The barber gave the horse a shave
Click-clack click-clack, Click-clack click-clack
Since, the barber gave the horse a shave
The horse ran and ran and ran; lifted its tail and ran
The horse was proud, he arrived at the vegetable market
Snow had fallen at the vegetable market
He got cold in the snow
Click-clack click-clack, Click-clack click-clack
The horse ran and ran and ran; lifted its tail and ran
My horse is very strong
Look at how much fat it has
He goes around in Mehrauli
But my horse is from Arabia
He broke his legs free and ran
The horse ran and ran and ran; lifted its tail and ran
рд▓рдХрдбрд╝реА | (noun, f.) wood |
рдХрд╛рдареА | (noun, f.) saddle (especially one made of wood) |
рдШреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ | (noun, m.) horse |
рджреБрдо | (noun, f.) tail |
рдкреЗ | (adv.) on; a colloquial form of рдкрд░ |
рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ | (verb) to hit, to strike |
рд╣рдереМрдбрд╝рд╛ | (noun, m.) hammer |
рджреМрдбрд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to run |
рдЙрдард╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to lift up, to raise; рдЙрдардирд╛= to rise up, get up |
рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдирд╛ | (verb) to arrive |
рдЪреМрдХ | (noun, m.) a city square, intersection |
рдирд╛рдИ | (noun, m.) barber |
рд╣рдЬрд╛рдордд | (noun, f.) shaving, a shave; рд╣рдЬрд╛рдордд рдмрдирд╛рдирд╛ to shave |
рдЯрдЧ-рдмрдЧ | onomatopoeia for the sound of a horse walking |
рдШрдордВрдбреА | (adj.) proud, arrogant |
рд╕рдмреНрдЬреА рдордВрдбреА | (noun, f.) vegetable market |
рдмрд░рдлрд╝ | (noun, f.) ice, snow; also spelled рдмрд░реНрдлрд╝ |
рдкрдбрд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to lie, to fall ; рдмрд░рдлрд╝ рдкрдбрд╝реА рдереА snow had fallen |
рд▓рдЧ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to feel; compound verb of рд▓рдЧрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдардВрдбреА | (adj.) cold |
рддрдЧрдбрд╝рд╛ | (adj.) strong, sturdy |
рдЪрд░рдмреА | (noun, f.) fat; also spelled рдЪрд░реНрдмреА |
рдорд╣рд░реМрд▓реА | (noun, f.) Mehrauli; an area in South Delhi |
рдкрд░ | (conj.) but |
рдЕрд░рдмреА | (adj.) Arabian, Arabic |
рдмрд╛рдБрд╣ | (noun, m.) upper arm/leg (in the case of a horse) |
рдЫреБрдбрд╝рд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to release, to break free , рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдирд╛ = to leave, release |
The reflexive pronoun рдЕрдкрдирд╛ (own) can be tricky to use correctly. The basic rule to keep in mind is that it is always in reference to the subject of the sentence. LetтАЩs say, for example, that you have a dog. If you want to express that you saw your dog, you would say:
рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХреБрддреНрддреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ ред
I saw my (own) dog.
If you want to express that someone else saw your dog, youтАЩd have to say:
рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдореЗрд░реЗ рдХреБрддреНрддреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ ред
He/she saw my dog.
If you were to use рдЕрдкрдиреЗ in place of рдореЗрд░реЗ, the meaning would change drastically and the dog would now belong to the тАЬhe/sheтАЭ of the sentence. It is not possible in this case for the рдЕрдкрдирд╛ to be identifying the dog as belonging to you.
рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХреБрддреНрддреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ ред
He/she saw his/her (own) dog.

рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧреЗрдЧреА рддреЛ рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ рдмрдиреА рд╣реИ рд▓рдВрдмреА-рдЪреМрдбрд╝реА
рдЙрд╕рдкреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреА рдореЛрдЯрд░ рдЧрд╛рдбрд╝реА
рд╕рдм рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдкрдЯрд░реА рдкрд░ рдЖрдУ
рдмреАрдЪ рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ рдкреЗ рдХрднреА рди рдЬрд╛рдУ
рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ рддреЛ рджрдм рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧреЗрдЧреА рддреЛ рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
рдмреАрдЪ рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ рдкреЗ рдХрднреА рди рдЬрд╛рдУ
рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ рддреЛ рджрдм рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧреЗрдЧреА рддреЛ рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧреЗрдЧреА рддреЛ рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ
The street is made long and wide
The motor car goes (drives) on it
All children come on the sidewalk
Never go in the middle of the street
If you will go there then youтАЩll be crushed
YouтАЩll get hurt and then youтАЩll regret it
Never go in the middle of the street
If you will go there then youтАЩll be crushed
YouтАЩll get hurt and then youтАЩll regret it
YouтАЩll get hurt and then youтАЩll regret it
рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ | (noun, f.) street; road |
рдмрдирдирд╛ | (verb) to be made; рдмрдиреА (past participle) made, agrees with рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ |
рд▓рдВрдмреА-рдЪреМрдбрд╝реА | (adj.) long and wide; рд▓рдВрдмрд╛ = long/tall, рдЪреМрдбрд╝рд╛ = wide/vast |
рдореЛрдЯрд░ рдЧрд╛рдбрд╝реА | (noun, f.) motor vehicle |
рд╕рдм | (adj., pronoun) all |
рдмрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ | (noun, m.) child |
рдкрдЯрд░реА | (noun, f.) sidewalk; can also mean railway tracks |
рдмреАрдЪ | (adv.) in the middle of |
рджрдм рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to be crushed; compound verb of рджрдмрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧрдирд╛ | (verb) to get hurt; рдЪреЛрдЯ (noun, f.) wound |
рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to regret |
This nursery rhyme makes ample use of the particle рдкреЗ. It might be hard to find this word in the dictionary because it is actually a colloquialism. рдкреЗ carries the same meaning as the word рдкрд░ and can be used interchangeably with it so long as the context warrants some level of colloquial speech!
The particle рддреЛ also shows up at numerous points in this nursery rhyme. It very often means тАЬthenтАЭ in a sequential senseтАУone thing happens and then something else will happen afterwards, oftentimes as a result of the previous thing. This is what we see with the appearance of рддреЛ in рдЪреЛрдЯ рд▓рдЧреЗрдЧреА рддреЛ рдкрдЫрддрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ (тАЬyouтАЩll get hurt and then youтАЩll regret itтАЭ). Adding to this, рддреЛ frequently appears as a part of if-then statements with the тАЬifтАЭ (e.g., рдпрджрд┐, рдЕрдЧрд░, etc.) being stated explicitly or just implied. There is an implied тАЬifтАЭ in the line рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ рддреЛ рджрдм рдЬрд╛рдУрдЧреЗ (тАЬ[if] you will go there then youтАЩll be crushedтАЭ).
There is another use of рддреЛ that occurs frequently in Hindi but is not easily conveyed in English. Consider the phrase рд╡рд╣ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╝рд╛рд░ рдЧрдпреА (тАЬshe went to the marketтАЭ). This is a pretty plain statement without a lot of alternative meanings. If you add рддреЛ to it (рд╡рд╣ рддреЛ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╝рд╛рд░ рдЧрдпреА), it could mean a few things depending on context. It could mean she went to the market, but the sense is that she shouldnтАЩt have. It could also mean that she went to the market and the person inquiring about her should have known that. The list goes on. There is no simple way to describe its meaning in English, but the Hindi context generally makes the meaning clear.
Finally, рддреЛ can also be used in the sense of тАЬsoтАЭ in English. Consider this conversation:
рдирд┐рдЦрд┐рд▓ : рдореИрдВ рдХрд▓ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реВрдБ ред
рдЕрдореНрдорд╛ : рддреЛ рдореИрдВ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд░реВрдБ ? рддреБрдордХреЛ рддреЛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рд╣реА рдкрдбрд╝реЗрдЧрд╛ ред
Nikhil : I donтАЩt want to go to school tomorrow
Amma : So what am I supposed to do? YouтАЩll have to go anyway
Notice that рддреЛ appears twice in AmmaтАЩs line with two separate meanings. The first is like тАЬsoтАЭ in English, the second is laying emphasis on the fact that Nikhil has to go to school even though he doesnтАЩt want to. The рддреЛ in this second sense might be conveyed in English by introducing тАЬanywayтАЭ into the translation.

рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
- рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
- Vocabulary
- Relative-Correlative Sentences: Using рдЬреЛ-рд╡рд╣
- рдЦрд╛рдХреЗ рдкреАрдХреЗ рдореЛрдЯреЗ рд╣реЛрдХреЗтАж
рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдЦрд╛рдХреЗ рдкреАрдХреЗ рдореЛрдЯреЗ рд╣реЛрдХреЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рдмреИрдареЗ рд░реЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ
рдЪреЛрд░реЛрдВ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдбрд┐рдмреНрдмрд╛ рдХрдЯ рдХрд░ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрд╛ рд╕реАрдзреЗ рдЬреЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ
рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдЙрди рдЪреЛрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рдЦреВрдм рдЦрдмрд░ рд▓реА рдореЛрдЯреЗ рдерд╛рдиреЗрджрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ
рдореЛрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднреА рдЦреВрдм рдирдЪрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрдВрдЧрд▓ рдХреА рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ
рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдирд╛рдиреА рдкреНрдпрд╛рд░реА рдирд╛рдиреА рд░реВрд╕рд╛-рд░реВрд╕реА рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗ
рдЬрд▓реНрджреА рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдкреИрд╕рд╛ рджреЗ рджреЗ рддреВ рдХрдВрдЬреВрд╕реА рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗ
рдирд╛рдиреА рддреЗрд░реА рдореЛрд░рдиреА рдХреЛ рдореЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП
Grandma, the peacocks took your peahen
What was left was taken by wicked thieves;
Grandma, the peacocks took your peahen
What was left was taken by wicked thieves.
They sat on the train after getting fat from eating and drinking
The railcar with the thieves cut loose and went straight to jail;
Grandma, the peacocks took your peahen
What was left was taken by wicked thieves.
The police sergeant looked after those thieves closely
And the king of the jungle also made the peacocks dance;
Grandma, the peacocks took your peahen
What was left was taken by wicked thieves.
Good grandma, lovely grandma, please stop sulking
Quickly, give us some money, leave your stinginess;
Grandma, the peacocks took your peahen
What was left was taken by wicked thieves.
рдирд╛рдиреА | (noun, f.) maternal grandmother |
рдореЛрд░рдиреА | (noun, f.) peahen |
рдореЛрд░ | (noun, m.) peacock |
рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to take; compound verb of рд▓реЗрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдмрд╛рдХреА | (adj.; noun, f.) remaining, leftover; remainder |
рдмрдЪрд╛ | (adj.) left, spared; past participle of рдмрдЪрдирд╛ (to be saved, to be safe); same as рдмрдЪрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ |
рдХрд╛рд▓рд╛ | (adj.) wicked; also means dark, black |
рдЪреЛрд░ | (noun, m.) thief |
рдореЛрдЯрд╛ | (adj.) fat |
рдмреИрдареЗ | (adj.) seated; past participle of рдмреИрдардирд╛; same as рдмреИрдареЗ рд╣реБрдП |
рд░реЗрд▓ | (noun, f.) English тАЬrailтАЭ; here: means the train itself |
рдбрд┐рдмреНрдмрд╛ | (noun, m.) box, container; here: a car of the train |
рдХрдЯрдирд╛ | (verb) to be cut, to be released; here: to be cut loose |
рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдирд╛ | (verb) to arrive |
рд╕реАрдзреЗ | (adv.) straight, directly |
рдЦреВрдм | (adj.; adv.) lots of, closely |
рдЦрдмрд░ | (noun, f.) report, news, attention; рдЦрдмрд░ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ to watch over |
рдерд╛рдиреЗрджрд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) a police sergeant; рдерд╛рдирд╛ (noun, m.) police station |
рдирдЪрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to make dance; рдирд╛рдЪрдирд╛ = to dance |
рдЬрдВрдЧрд▓ | (noun, m.) jungle |
рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ | (noun, f.) government, master; рдЬрдВрдЧрд▓ рдХреА рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ (noun, f.) тАЬking of the jungleтАЭ, a lion |
рд░реВрд╕рд╛-рд░реВрд╕реА | (adj.) sulking; from verb рд░реВрд╕рдирд╛ = to be displeased/angry, to sulk |
рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗрдирд╛ | (verb) to leave, give something up; compound verb of рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдирд╛ and рджреЗрдирд╛ |
рдЬрд▓реНрджреА рд╕реЗ | (adv.) quickly, right away |
рдкреИрд╕рд╛ | (noun, m.) money, a coin |
рдХрдВрдЬреВрд╕реА | (noun, f.) stinginess |
The relative-correlative structure allows you to link two clausesтАУa dependent and an independent clauseтАУthat share a common detail. In English, for instance the phrase тАЬYou have the book that I needтАЭ is actually made up of two separate ideas: тАЬYou have a bookтАЭ and тАЬI need that book.тАЭ The тАЬYou have a bookтАЭ part is the independent clause (it forms a complete sentence) while the тАЬthat I needтАЭ part is the dependent clause (it does not form a complete sentence and is thus dependent on the other clause to finish the idea).
In Hindi, the dependent clauses are made by using through relative markers, all of which start with the letter рдЬ. Though not a complete list, common relative words include рдЬреЛ, рдЬрд┐рд╕, рдЬрд┐рди, рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБ, and рдЬрдм. Which relative marker to use depends entirely on the sentence grammar. An easy way to think about which relative marker is appropriate is to consider which of the question words (рдХ words like рдХреМрди, рдХреНрдпрд╛, рдХрд╣рд╛рдБ, рдХрдм, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ) makes sense in the context of the phrase. The correlative wordsтАУthe linking word found in the independent clauseтАУare words youтАЩll certainly recognize. Relative, correlative, and related question words are as follows:
Relative | Correlative | Question Word (Interrogative) |
---|---|---|
рдЬреЛ | рд╡рд╣ (рд╡реЛ), рд╡реЗ, рдпрд╣, рдпреЗ | рдХреМрди, рдХреНрдпрд╛ |
рдЬрд┐рд╕ (singular oblique of рдЬреЛ) | рдЙрд╕, рдЗрд╕ | рдХрд┐рд╕ |
рдЬрд┐рди (plural obl of рдЬреЛ) E.g., рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ = рдЬрд┐рди + рдХреЛ | рдЙрди, рдЗрди E.g., рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ, рдЗрдиреНрд╣реЗ | рдХрд┐рди E.g., рдХрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ = рдХрд┐рди + рдХреЛ |
рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБ | рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ, рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ | рдХрд╣рд╛рдБ |
рдЬрдм | рддрдм | рдХрдм |
рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ | рдЙрддрдирд╛, рдЗрддрдирд╛ | рдХрд┐рддрдирд╛ |
Translating the example sentence above into Hindi would give us:
рдЖрдкрдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдм рд╣реИ ред тАЬYou have a book.тАЭ
рдореБрдЭреЗ рд╡рд╣ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдм рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП ред тАЬI need that bookтАЭ
рдЬреЛ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдм рдЖрдкрдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рд╣реИ, рдореБрдЭреЗ рд╡рд╣ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдм рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП ред тАЬYou have the book that I need.тАЭ
The nursery rhyme above has an example of a relative-correlative phrase that is repeated in the refrain: рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП (What was left was taken by wicked thieves). Note how there is no correlative marker in this sentence (e.g., no рд╡рд╣). It is rather common to leave these markers out, but know that the phrase could also be written as: рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЬреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛ рдерд╛ рд╡рд╣ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЧрдП (What was left, that was taken by wicked thieves).
It is possibleтАУand quite easyтАУin Hindi to link numerous verbs together in a series, making a sequence of events. In the nursery rhyme, we see the phrase рдЦрд╛рдХреЗ рдкреАрдХреЗ рдореЛрдЯреЗ рд╣реЛрдХреЗ рдЪреЛрд░ рдмреИрдареЗ рд░реЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ (They sat on the train after getting fat from eating and drinking). YouтАЩll notice that after each verb stem (that is, a verb without the typical рдирд╛ ending) comes тАЬрдХреЗтАЭ. This marker allows you to build a chain of verbs, one after another, before completing a sentence with a finite verb. Note that verbs marked with -рдХреЗ are note finite verbs and cannot form complete sentences. Here is a rather extreme example:
рдореИрдВ рдЙрдардХреЗ рдирд╣рд╛рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рдХреЗ рджрд╛рдВрдд рд╕рд╛рдлрд╝ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ ред
I went to school having got up, bathed, eaten, and brushed my teeth.
It is possible to exchange the -рдХреЗ marker with -рдХрд░ (e.g., рдЙрдардХрд░, рдирд╣рд╛рдХрд░, рдЦрд╛рдХрд░, etc.) without any difference in meaning. The only exception is with the ver рдХрд░рдирд╛, which only has the form рдХрд░рдХреЗ; рдХрд░рдХрд░ is not possible.

рдЪрдВрджрд╛рдорд╛рдорд╛ рджреВрд░ рдХреЗ
рдЪрдВрджрд╛рдорд╛рдорд╛ рджреВрд░ рдХреЗ, рдкреБрдП рдкрдХрд╛рдПрдВ рдмреВрд░ рдХреЗ
рдЖрдк рдЦрд╛рдПрдВ рдерд╛рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ, рдореБрдиреНрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдВ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ
рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓реА рдЧрдИ рдЯреВрдЯ, рдореБрдиреНрдирд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд░реВрда
рд▓рд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ рдирдИ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ, рдмрдЬрд╛ рдмрдЬрд╛ рдХреЗ рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ
рдореБрдиреНрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдордирд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ, рд╣рдо рджреВрдз рдорд▓рд╛рдИ рдЦрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ,
рдЪрдВрджрд╛рдорд╛рдорд╛ рджреВрд░ рдХреЗ, рдкреБрдП рдкрдХрд╛рдПрдВ рдмреВрд░ рдХреЗ
рдЖрдк рдЦрд╛рдПрдВ рдерд╛рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ, рдореБрдиреНрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдВ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ
рдЙрдбрд╝рдирдЦрдЯреЛрд▓реЗ рдмреИрда рдХреЗ рдореБрдиреНрдирд╛ рдЪрдВрджрд╛ рдХреЗ рдШрд░ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛
рддрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдЧ рдЖрдБрдЦ рдорд┐рдЪреМрд▓реА рдЦреЗрд▓ рдХреЗ рджрд┐рд▓ рдмрд╣рд▓рд╛рдПрдЧрд╛
рдЦреЗрд▓ рдХреВрдж рд╕реЗ рдЬрдм рдореЗрд░реЗ рдореБрдиреНрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рд▓ рднрд░ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛
рдареБрдордХ рдареБрдордХ рдореЗрд░рд╛ рдореБрдиреНрдирд╛ рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рдШрд░ рдХреЛ рдЖрдПрдЧрд╛
Far away Uncle Moon shall cook some sugary sweet cakes
He shall eat them on a plate, and serve the darling kid in a cup
The cup broke, the darling sulked
WeтАЩll bring new cups while clapping
WeтАЩll console the darling one, weтАЩll eat milk-cream
Far away Uncle Moon shall cook some sugary sweet cakes
He shall eat them on a plate, and serve the darling kid in a cup
Sitting in a flying machine, the darling child will go to the MoonтАЩs house
Playing hide-and-seek with the constellations, heтАЩll amuse his heart
From playing and jumping, when my darlingтАЩs heart is full
Dancing, my darling will come back to the home
рдЪрдВрджрд╛рдорд╛рдорд╛ | (noun, m.) Uncle Moon; рдЪрдВрджрд╛ (noun, m.) moon, рдорд╛рдорд╛ (noun, m.) maternal uncle (motherтАЩs brother) |
рджреВрд░ | (adj.) far |
рдкреБрдЖ | (noun, m.) a type of sweet cake |
рдкрдХрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to cook |
рдмреВрд░ | (noun, f.) a type of coarse sugar; also spelled рдмреВрд░рд╛ (m.) |
рдерд╛рд▓реА | (noun, f.) a large flat dish; also refers to the meal eaten in that dish |
рдореБрдиреНрдирд╛ | (noun, m.) dear, darling |
рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓реА | (noun, f.) cup, glass |
рдЯреВрдЯ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to break; compound verb of рдЯреВрдЯрдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рд░реВрда рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to sulk; compound verb of рд░реВрдардирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдмрдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to applaud, to clap |
X рдХреЛ рдордирд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to convince X, to persuade X |
рджреВрдз рдорд▓рд╛рдИ | (noun, f.) the layer of cream that forms on top of milk |
рдЙреЬрдирдЦрдЯреЛрд▓рд╛ | (noun, m.) a тАЬmagic carpetтАЭ; рдЙрдбрд╝рди (adj.) flying, рдЦрдЯреЛрд▓рд╛ (noun, m.) a small bed; flying machine |
рддрд╛рд░рд╛ | (noun, m.) star |
рд╕рдВрдЧ | (noun, m.) grouping, collection |
рдЖрдБрдЦ рдорд┐рдЪреМрд▓реА | (noun, f.) Hide-and-Seek; also spelled рдЖрдБрдЦ рдорд┐рдЪреМрдиреА |
рдЦреЗрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to play |
рджрд┐рд▓ | (noun, m.) heart |
рдмрд╣рд▓рд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to amuse, to distract |
рдХреВрдж рд╕реЗ | (adv.) while jumping |
рднрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to fill up; compound verb of рднрд░рдирд╛ and рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ |
рдареБрдордХ рдареБрдордХ | (noun, f.) a distinctive and exaggerated strut, gait |
рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ | (adv.) return, back |
There is a subtle use of the postposition рдХреЛ used in conjunction with verbs of motion in this nursery rhyme. The line рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рдШрд░ рдХреЛ рдЖрдПрдЧрд╛ means тАЬhe will come back to the house.тАЭ However, the verb рдЖрдирд╛ does not typically require the use of рдХреЛ to suggest coming to a destination; that is implied in the verbтАЩs meaning itself. Instead, the рдХреЛ in this phrase is acting, in some sense, like a definite articleтАУтАЬhe will come back to the houseтАЭтАУthat distinguishes this particular house from other houses.

рдЖрд▓реВ-рдХрдЪрд╛рд▓реВ
рдЖрд▓реВ-рдХрдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рдмреЗрдЯрд╛ рдХрд╣рд╛рдБ рдЧрдП рдереЗ?
рдмреИрдВрдЧрди рдХреА рдЯреЛрдХрд░реА рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдмреИрдВрдЧрди рдиреЗ рд▓рд╛рдд рдорд╛рд░реА рд░реЛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдордореНрдореА рдиреЗ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣рдБрд╕ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдЖрд▓реВ-рдХрдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рдмреЗрдЯрд╛ рдХрд╣рд╛рдБ рдЧрдП рдереЗ?
рдмреИрдВрдЧрди рдХреА рдЯреЛрдХрд░реА рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдмреИрдВрдЧрди рдиреЗ рд▓рд╛рдд рдорд╛рд░реА рд░реЛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
рдордореНрдореА рдиреЗ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣рдБрд╕ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ
Aloo and kachaloo, whereтАЩd you go, children?
(You/we) were sleeping in a basket of eggplant
The eggplant kicked (you/we) and (you/we) were crying
Mommy comforted (you/we) and (you/we) were laughing
Aloo and kachaloo, whereтАЩd you go, children?
(You/we) were sleeping in a basket of eggplant
The eggplant kicked (you/we) and (you/we) were crying
Mommy comforted (you/we) and (you/we) were laughing
рдЖрд▓реВ-рдХрдЪрд╛рд▓реВ | (noun, m.) a type of dish made of potato (рдЖрд▓реВ) and taro root (рдХрдЪрд╛рд▓реВ) |
рдмреЗрдЯрд╛ | (noun, m.) son, child; often used as a term of endearment for children of any gender |
рдмреИрдВрдЧрди | (noun, m.) eggplant |
рдЯреЛрдХрд░реА | (noun, f.) basket |
рд▓рд╛рдд рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ | (verb)to kick; рд▓рд╛рдд (noun, f.) a kick; рд▓рд╛рдд рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ = (verb) to get kicked |
рд╣рдБрд╕рдирд╛ | (verb) to laugh |
This nursery rhyme makes extensive use of the past continuous. In English, the phrases are translated as тАЬ…were sleepingтАЭ, тАЬ…were cryingтАЭ, and тАЬ…were laughingтАЭ. In Hindi, the verbs for these phrases are marked by the use of the participle рд░рд╣рд╛ / рд░рд╣реА / рд░рд╣реЗ plus рдерд╛ / рдереА / рдереЗ / рдереАрдВ depending on the subject of the action. You would exchange the рдерд╛ / рдереА / рдереЗ / рдереАрдВ for рд╣реИ / рд╣реИрдВ in the case of present continuous. Note that the verb is reduced to its stem form before the рд░рд╣рд╛ / рд░рд╣реА / рд░рд╣реЗ participle and the tense marker. Here are a couple of examples:
рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ To go | рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ He was going | рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ He is going |
рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рдереА She was going | рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ She is going |
|
рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ They were going (all males or includes males) | рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ They are going (all males or includes males) |
|
рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рдереАрдВ They were going (all females) | рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИрдВ They are going (all females) |
|
рдкреАрдирд╛ To drink | рдкреА рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ He was drinking | рдкреА рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ He is drinking |
рдкреА рд░рд╣реА рдереА She was drinking | рдкреА рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ She is drinking |
|
рдкреА рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ They were drinking (all males or includes males) | рдкреА рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ They are drinking (all males or includes males) |
|
рдкреА рд░рд╣реА рдереАрдВ They were drinking (all females) | рдкреА рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИрдВ They are drinking (all females) |

рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛
рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛ рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛,
рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛..?
рдПрдХ, рджреЛ, рддреАрди,
рдПрдХ, рджреЛ, рддреАрдитАж.
рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛ рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛,
рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛..?
рдЪрд╛рд░, рдкрд╛рдВрдЪ, рдЫреЗ,
рдЪрд╛рд░, рдкрд╛рдВрдЪ, рдЫреЗтАж.
рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛ рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛,
рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛..?
рд╕рд╛рдд, рдЖрда, рдиреМ,
рд╕рд╛рдд, рдЖрда, рдиреМтАж.
рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛ рдзреЛрдмреА рдЖрдпрд╛,
рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛..?
рджрд╕, рджрд╕, рджрд╕,
рднрд╛рдИ , рджрд╕ , рджрд╕ , рджрд╕тАж.
The washerman came, the washerman came
How many clothes did he bring…?
One, two, three,
One, two, three…
The washerman came, the washerman came
How many clothes did he bring…?
Four, five, six,
Four, five, six…
The washerman came, the washerman came
How many clothes did he bring…?
Seven, eight, nine,
Seven, eight, nine…
The washerman came, the washerman came
How many clothes did he bring…?
Ten, ten, ten,
Brother, ten, ten, ten…
рдзреЛрдмреА | (noun, m.) washerman |
рдХрдкрдбрд╝рд╛ | (noun, m.) clothes |
рд▓рд╛рдирд╛ | (verb) to bring; fixed compound verb of рд▓реЗрдирд╛ (to take) and рдЖрдирд╛ (to come) |
рднрд╛рдИ | (noun, m.) brother; often used as a term of endearment |
The nursery rhyme is centered around teaching how to count to ten. Counting to ten this way (one, two, three, fourтАж) makes use of cardinal numbers, which are numbers that simply denote a quantity. These cardinal numbers are contrasted to ordinal numbers, which place things in some kind of relative order (e.g., first, second, third, fourthтАж). Below is a list of both cardinal and ordinal numbers for the first ten numbers in Hindi:
Cardinal Number | Ordinal Number |
рдПрдХ (one) | рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ or рдкреНрд░рдердо (first) |
рджреЛ (two) | рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛ or рджреНрд╡рд┐рддреАрдп (second) |
рддреАрди (three) | рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛ or рддреГрддреАрдп (third) |
рдЪрд╛рд░ (four) | рдЪреМрдерд╛ (fourth) |
рдкрд╛рдБрдЪ (five) | рдкрд╛рдБрдЪрд╡рд╛рдБ (fifth) |
рдЫреЗ (six) | рдЫрдард╛ (sixth) |
рд╕рд╛рдд (seven) | рд╕рд╛рддрд╡рд╛рдБ (seventh) |
рдЖрда (eight) | рдЖрдард╡рд╛рдБ (eighth) |
рдиреМ (nine) | рдиреМрд╡рд╛рдБ (ninth) |
рджрд╕ (ten) | рджрд╕рд╡рд╛рдБ (tenth) |
Note that there are two options given for first, second, and third. The second of each of those two options (рдкреНрд░рдердо, рджреНрд╡рд┐рддреАрдп, рддреГрддреАрдп) is borrowed from Sanskrit and is usually reserved for more formalized contexts. The first of those options (рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛, рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛, рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛) is more typical.
Note also that the ordinal numbers are adjectival, meaning they can change to match the number and gender of the thing that it modifies. The list above only gives the masculine singular, but other options are possible. For example:
рдЖрдард╡реАрдВ рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдореЗрд░реА рд╣реИ ред (The eighth cat is mine)

рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдЧрдИ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдЧрдИ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА
рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рдерд╛ рдмрдВрджрд░
рд▓рд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░
рдмрдВрджрд░ рдиреЗ рджреА рдореВрдБрдЧрдлрд╝рд▓реА
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдЪрд▓реА
рд░рд╕реНрддреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдерд╛ рднрд╛рд▓реВ
рднрд╛рд▓реВ рдиреЗ рдмреЛрд▓рд╛, “рдореИрдВ рдЦрд╛ рд▓реВрдБ?”
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдиреЗ рдорд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрдВрдЬрд╛
рднрд╛рд▓реВ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдЧрдВрдЬрд╛
A cat went to Delhi
In Delhi there was a monkey
Inside the Red Fort
The monkey gave a peanut
The cat took it and left
There was a bear on the way
The bear said, тАЬShall I eat?тАЭ
The cat clawed
The bear went bald
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА | (noun, f.) cat |
рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА | (noun, f.) Delhi |
рдмрдВрджрд░ | (noun, m.) monkey |
рд▓рд╛рд▓ | (adj.) red |
рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ | (noun, m.) fort |
рд▓рд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ | (noun, m.) the Red Fort; a historical landmark in Delhi |
X рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ | (adv.) inside X |
рдореВрдБрдЧрдлрд╝рд▓реА | (noun, f.) peanut |
рдЪрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to go, to move; here: to leave |
рд░рд╕реНрддрд╛ | (noun, m.) way, path; also frequently spelled as рд░рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╛ |
рднрд╛рд▓реВ | (noun, m.) bear |
рдмреЛрд▓рдирд╛ | (verb) to say |
рдЦрд╛ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ | (verb) to eat; a compound verb of рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ and рд▓реЗрдирд╛ |
рдкрдВрдЬрд╛ | (noun, m.) paw, claw |
рдкрдВрдЬрд╛ рдорд╛рд░рдирд╛ | (verb) to claw at |
рдЧрдВрдЬрд╛ | (adj.) bald |
There is a line in this nursery rhyme тАЬрдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдЪрд▓реАтАЭ. The pronoun in this phrase (рдЙрд╕реЗ) is an alternative form of рдЙрд╕рдХреЛ (= рд╡рд╣ + рдХреЛ). There are a few pronouns that have alternative forms when they are paired with the postposition рдХреЛ. They are as follows:
рдореБрдЭрдХреЛ | рдореБрдЭреЗ |
рддреБрдордХреЛ | рддреБрдореНрд╣реЗрдВ |
рдЗрд╕рдХреЛ | рдЗрд╕реЗ |
рдЗрдирдХреЛ | рдЗрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ |
рдЙрд╕рдХреЛ | рдЙрд╕реЗ |
рдЙрдирдХреЛ | рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ |
рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЛ | рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ |
рдЬрд┐рдирдХреЛ | рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ |
рдХрд┐рд╕рдХреЛ | рдХрд┐рд╕реЗ |
рдХрд┐рдирдХреЛ | рдХрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ |

рдЕ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдирд╛рд░
рдЕ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдирд╛рд░, рдЖ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдо
рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд╕рдм рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рдХрд╛рдо
рдЗ рд╕реЗ рдЗрдорд▓реА, рдИ рд╕реЗ рдИрдЦ
рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА, рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдмрд╛рддреЗрдВ рд╕реАрдЦ
рдЙ рд╕реЗ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓реВ, рдК рд╕реЗ рдКрдБрдЯ
рдПрдХ-рдПрдХ рдХрд░ рднрд░ рд▓реЛ рдШреВрдБрдЯ
рдП рд╕реЗ рдПрдбреА, рдР рд╕реЗ рдРрдирдХ
рднрд╛рдЧ рд░рд╣реЗ рджреБрд╢реНрдорди рдХреЗ рд╕реИрдирд┐рдХ
рдУ рд╕реЗ рдУрдЦрд▓реА, рдФ рд╕реЗ рдФрдЬрд╝рд╛рд░
рдлрд▓реЗ-рдлреВрд▓реЗ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░
рдЕрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдВрдЧреВрд░, рдЕ: рд╕реЗ рдЦрд╛рд▓реА
рдЙрддрдирд╛ рдЦрд╛рдУ рдЬрд┐рддрдиреА рдерд╛рд▓реА
a for an─Бr, ─Б for ─Бm
When we work together, all work gets done
i for iml─л, ─л for ─лkh
u for ull┼л, ┼л for ┼лс╣Бс╣н
One by one, take a gulp
e for eс╕Н─л, ai for ainak
The enemy soldiers are running
o for okhl─л, au for auz─Бr
May all of existence flourish
aс╣Г for aс╣Еg┼лr, aс╕е for a pause
Eat as much as is on the plate
рдЕрдирд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) pomegranate |
рдЖрдо | (noun, m.) mango |
рдЗрдорд▓реА | (noun, f.) tamarind |
рдИрдЦ | (noun, f.) sugar cane |
рдЙрд▓реНрд▓реВ | (noun, m.) owl |
рдКрдБрдЯ | (noun, m.) camel |
рдПрдбреА | (noun, f.) heel |
рдРрдирдХ | (noun, f.) eye-glasses |
рднрд╛рдЧрдирд╛ | (verb) to run |
рджреБрд╢реНрдорди | (noun, m.) enemy |
рд╕реИрдирд┐рдХ | (noun, m.) soldier |
рдУрдЦрд▓реА | (noun, f.) a type of small mortar (i.e., of a mortar and pestle set) |
рдФрдЬрд╝рд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) tool |
рдлрд▓реЗ-рдлреВрд▓реЗ | (adj.) flourishing, marked, pocked; past participle of рдлрд▓рдирд╛-рдлреВрд▓рдирд╛ |
рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ | (adj.) all, entire |
рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░ | (noun, m.) worldly existence |
рдЕрдВрдЧреВрд░ | (noun, m.) grape |
рдЦрд╛рд▓реА | (adj.) empty |
рдерд╛рд▓реА | (noun, f.) a large flat dish; also refers to the meal eaten in that dish |
The тАЬforтАЭ in the English translation for the alphabet correlations (e.g., a for an─Бr, etc.) is a bit misleading as a translation for рд╕реЗ. In reality, those phrases should be something more like тАЬfrom X [comes] Y.тАЭ That more literal translation using тАЬfromтАЭ is closer to what рд╕реЗ typically means.

рд░реЛрдЬрд╝ рд╕рд╡реЗрд░реЗ
рд░реЛрдЬрд╝ рд╕рд╡реЗрд░реЗ рдЙрдардирд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛
рдирд┐рддреНрдп рдХрд░реНрдо рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛
рдареАрдХ рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдкрдврд╝рдирд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛
рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕реЗ рд▓рдбрд╝рдирд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛
It is good to get up (early) each morning
It is good to always do (your) work
It is good to study right on time
It is good to not fight with anyone
рд░реЛрдЬрд╝ | (adv.) daily |
рд╕рд╡реЗрд░рд╛ | (noun, m.) morning; рд╕рд╡реЗрд░реЗ is an adverbial form meaning тАЬin the morningтАЭ |
рдЙрдардирд╛ | (verb) to get up, to wake |
рдирд┐рддреНрдп | (adv.) always, regularly |
рдХрд░реНрдо | (noun, m.) work, duty; a more formal word for рдХрд╛рдо |
рдареАрдХ | (adv.) precisely, exactly |
рд╕рдордп | (noun, m.) time |
рдкрдврд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to study |
рд▓рдбрд╝рдирд╛ | (verb) to fight |
The word рдареАрдХ is extremely common in Hindi. Its range of meaning and grammatical flexibility is extensive. It is most often an adjective meaning тАЬgood, okay, correct,тАЭ etc. For instance, рдареАрдХ рд╣реИ (literally тАЬit is okayтАЭ) is akin to the English тАЬokayтАЭ in that it can be used as a response to numerous situations. In the reading here, рдареАрдХ is used adverbially. YouтАЩll often hear it used in expressions of time to emphasize that something is happening at exactly the stated time. For example:
A: рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдХрдм рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдирд╛ рд╣реИ ? (What time should we arrive?)
B: рдареАрдХ рд╕рд╛рдд рдмрдЬреЗ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪреЗрдВ ред (Please arrive at exactly seven oтАЩclock.)
The word рдХрд┐рд╕ is an тАЬobliqueтАЭ question word, meaning that it only appears when followed by a postposition (рд╕реЗ, рдореЗрдВ, рдкрд░, рдХрд╛/рдХреЗ/рдХреА, рдХреЛ, etc.). Depending on the context, it may be the oblique form of рдХреНрдпрд╛ (what) or рдХреМрди (who)тАФthe latter being more common.
рдпрд╣ рдХреМрди рд╣реИ? тЖТ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд╕рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ?
Who is this? тЖТ Whose is this?
If you change рдХрд┐рд╕ to рдХрд┐рд╕реА, you are changing the construction to an тАЬindefiniteтАЭ construction (e.g., someone, something, etc.). Importantly, this is no longer a question word.
рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд╕рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ? тЖТ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ ред
Whose is this? тЖТ This is somebodyтАЩs.
Finally, you can also use these indefinite constructions to create absolute negations (nobody, nothing, never, etc.) by simply adding some negative word (рдирд╣реАрдВ, рди, рдордд, etc.) to the clause.
рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ ред тЖТ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ ред
This is somebodyтАЩs. тЖТ This is nobodyтАЩs.
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕реЗ рд▓рдбрд╝рдирд╛тАж тЖТ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕реЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд▓рдбрд╝рдирд╛тАж
To fight with somebody… тЖТ To fight with nobody…
рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдХрднреА рддреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ ред тЖТ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдХрднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ ред
I have seen him/her sometime. тЖТ I have never seen him/her.